Solar ultraviolet doses and vitamin D in a northern mid-latitude

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the most important factors in the development of skin cancer in human, solar erythema and skin aging. Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown the benefits of UV solar radiation in moderate doses, such as the reduction of blood pressure and mental health, treatment of various diseases, and the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin. This paper analyses data from solar ultraviolet erythemal (UVER) irradiance in W/m2 measured in a northern mid-latitude as Valencia (Spain) for the period 2003-2010. To estimate effective solar UV radiation in the production of vitamin D (UVD) we used the relationship proposed by McKenzie et al., 2009. It was obtained for one month for each season the minimum exposure time needed around solar noon and at 9 UTC and 15 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) to obtain the recommended daily dose of 1000 IU. Also, it has been calculated time for erythema induction around solar noon for the same months. The median UVER daily dose during the summer months was 4000 J/m2day, and 700 J/m2day in winter. With regard to UVD, the median UVD daily dose in summer season was 7700 J/m2day, and in winter it was 1000 J/m2day. Around noon in January it takes more than two hours of solar exposure to obtain the recommended daily dose of vitamin D, whereas the rest of the year range between 7 minutes on July and 31 minutes on October. For the same months around noon, exposure times to produce erythema were obtained, these being of higher value to the previous. The results show that it is difficult to obtain the recommended vitamin D doses in winter in a northern mid-latitude, as the human body is almost entirely covered in this season.The research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science within research project CGL2010-15931/CLI and by the Generalitat Valenciana within the project PROMETEO/2010/064.María-Antonia Serrano; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J.; Gurrea-Ysasi, G. (2017). Solar ultraviolet doses and vitamin D in a northern mid-latitude. Science of the Total Environment. 574:744-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.102S74475057

Personal UV Exposure for Different Outdoor Sports

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental risk factor in the development of skin cancers and it occurs mainly during outdoor activities. The purpose of this study is to quantify the UV exposure suffered by amateur athletes (tennis players, hikers and runners) in their training schedules. The study on tennis player exposure took place at a tennis club in Valencia during the month of June 2011. With respect to the hiking group, the hikes studied took place in several mountainous areas of Spain and France from June to August 2011. Finally, the exposure suffered by ten runners, while participating in a running circuit in the province of Valencia, from March to November 2011, was studied. The athletes were monitored using personal dosimeters (VioSpor), with the tennis players and runners wearing them on the wrist, and the hikers on the shoulder. The median daily personal UV exposure for the hikers was 8.1 Standard Erythema Dose (SED), and for the tennis players 7.5 SED, per day of training. The runners received a median of 14.6 SED while participating in the running circuit, and about 2 SED per competition day. Median daily UV exposure of the hikers and tennis players exceeded 5 SED, which means that, in the case of non sun-adapted skin type III and the non-use of sun protection, erythema may be induced in these subjects. However, the exposure suffered by the runners did not exceed the maximum personal exposure of 5 SED. Accordingly, it is necessary to encourage the use of high protection sunscreens and protective clothing, and to avoid UV exposure in the hottest part of the day.This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science as part of research project CGL2010-15931 and the Generalitat Valenciana as part of project PROMETEO/2010/064.Serrano Jareño, MA.; Cañada, J.; Moreno, J.; Gurrea Ysasi, G. 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Perceptual analysis of thermal-luminal comfort in areas shaded by vegetation in design education centers

[EN] The search for comfort in users is a priority objective in technical schools focused on spaces design. The use of spaces can be for residential, commercial or entertainment activities. It is a common mistake to consider that comfort is achieved exclusively through the analysis of the interior space, since it is also necessary to consider the relationship between the space and the surrounding environment, because it is affected by environmental variables such as radiation, wind, humidity, noise, etc. The change of these variables throughout the day influences the interior conditions of the spaces and in general, is needed to incorporate artificial systems to compensate the external climatological conditions (thermal machines, light sources, etc.). Grade students, in design schools acquire, throughout the curriculum, knowledge in relation to the limits of comfort required for interior spaces. In the last academic year of the degree in Architecture, students have sufficient capacity to be able to detect the fluctuations that occur in the variables of the external environment by measuring temperature and humidity with DATALOGGER, equipment capable of recording data over time or in relation to the location using its own sensors or externally connected, as well as the value of the light level with LUXOMETERS, which are instruments that measure the real and not subjective illuminance of an environment. On the other hand, students are also able to evaluate the quality of the indoor environment, detecting whether or not there is a difference with the outdoor environment and assessing, for each orientation, the need for protection against radiation, (possible incorporation of tree mass, etc.). The protocol for developing the work proposal is established with measurements at the beginning of the course (winter period), later in spring and at the end of the course (beginning of summer). For each space analyzed (indoor and outdoor), measurements are carried out three times a day (early in the morning, at noon and in the evening). With the data obtained in different moments of the day and stationary situations, students must be able to select the most suitable protection devices for the building under analysis (vegetation, canopies, etc.).Blanca-Giménez, V.; Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Rodriguez-Burruezo, A.; Fita, I. (2019). Perceptual analysis of thermal-luminal comfort in areas shaded by vegetation in design education centers. En INNODOCT/18. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 69-76. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2018.2018.8779OCS697

Statistical Study and Prediction of Variability of Erythemal Ultraviolet Irradiance Solar Values in Valencia, Spain

[EN] The goal of this study was to statistically analyse the variability of global irradiance and ultraviolet erythemal (UVER) irradiance and their interrelationships with global and UVER irradiance, global clearness indices and ozone. A prediction of short-term UVER solar irradiance values was also obtained. Extreme values of UVER irradiance were included in the data set, as well as a time series of ultraviolet irradiance variability (UIV). The study period was from 2005 to 2014 and approximately 250,000 readings were taken at 5-min intervals. The effect of the clearness indices on global irradiance variability (GIV) and UIV was also recorded and bi-dimensional distributions were used to gather information on the two measured variables. With regard to daily GIV and UIV, it is also shown that for global clearness index (k(t)) values lower than 0.6 both global and UVER irradiance had greater variability and that UIV on cloud-free days (k(t) higher than 0.65) exceeds GIV. To study the dependence between UIV and GIV the (2) statistical method was used. It can be concluded that there is a 95% probability of a clear dependency between the variabilities. A connection between high k(t) (corresponding to cloudless days) and low variabilities was found in the analysis of bi-dimensional distributions. Extreme values of UVER irradiance were also analyzed and it was possible to calculate the probable future values of UVER irradiance by extrapolating the values of the adjustment curve obtained from the Gumbel distribution.The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. The research was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana within the project PROMETEO II 058.Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Blanca Giménez, V.; Perez, V.; Serrano, M.; Moreno, J. (2018). Statistical Study and Prediction of Variability of Erythemal Ultraviolet Irradiance Solar Values in Valencia, Spain. 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In vitro germination and growth protocols of the ornamental Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult. as a tool for protecting endangered wild populations

[EN] Lophophora williamsii is an ornamental slow growth cactus highly appreciated by cacti growers and hobbyists. Its demand is often satisfied through illegal collection of wild plants and many populations are threatened with extinction. Thus, an efficient in vitro protocol without plant growth regulators will be of great interest for conservation purposes of this cactus. Eight different germination media, combining Murashige and Skoog medium (MS, full and half-strength), sucrose (20 and 30gL(-1)) and agar (8 and 10gL(-1)), were used to study germination rate, number of seedlings with areoles and initial seedling development. Germination rates among culture media only differed significantly in the first 14 days after sowing (DAS), reaching 67-75% at the end of the assay (49 DAS). Remarkable interactions among media components were detected, and 20 g L-1 sucrose and 8gL(-1) agar combination gave the highest performance for both size and number of areoles. Following germination assay, a growth assay was conducted during 105 days using three growth media (GrM) at different sucrose concentration (15, 30 and 45gL(-1)) to evaluate the increase in seedling size and number of areoles. Regardless of their initial size, 15 g L-1 sucrose provided the best results for both traits. Size increase was higher in the 4-5 mm seedling group, while increase in areoles was greater in 2-3 mm seedlings. It was possible to develop an in vitro protocol, in absence of plant growth regulators, which allows maximizing. L williamsii germination and growth during its first stages of development, which may increase the availability of plants in the market and avoid exhaustion of wild populations. Furthermore, plants grown ex situ could be reintroduced in endangered natural populations.Cortés Olmos, C.; Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita, A. (2018). In vitro germination and growth protocols of the ornamental Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult. as a tool for protecting endangered wild populations. Scientia Horticulturae. 237:120-127. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.03.064S12012723

Spectral Characterization of Difusse Par Irradiance under Tipuana Tipu Shading

Tipa (Tipuana tipu) is a common tree in gardens and carparks, although the shading effect of its canopy must be still characterised to assess the decrease of temperature and quality of irradiance. This work is a preliminary study aimed to assess the effect of shading of tree canopies on the diffuse irradiance pattern received at the soil level in comparison to other conditions. The shade provided by a group of Tipa trees, located at the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain), was evaluated in this experiment and compared to cloudy days and direct sun. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and red/near infrared ratios were recorded with a portable spectrometer. Measurements were recorded in January and February 2017, at 10h, 13h and 16h. Depending on the region of the spectrum and time of the day, PPFD values ranged from 0.05 to 0.42, 0.40 to 1.14, and 0.94 to 3.90 μmol·m-2·s-1, for Tipa shade, cloudy days and direct sun, respectively. The spectral analysis of PPFD in cloudy days revealed maximum values in the green region and minimum at near infrared region, while maximum PPFD for tipa shade was mostly found at near infrared, revealing higher importance of this spectral region compared to cloudy days

Spectral comparison of diffuse PAR irradiance under different tree and shrub shading conditions and in cloudy days

[EN] Spectral Solar Photosynthetically Photon Flux Density (PPFD) (380 to 780¿nm) reaching the surface of a plant in different lighting conditions has been analyzed in order to better understand the different photosynthetic performance of plants depending on their spatial situation and the vegetation surrounding. A comparison between the shadow of several trees in a sunny day and the case of a cloudy day in an open space has been studied. Three isolated trees (a palm tree, an olive tree and a shrub oleander) and a tipuana grove have been studied. The study has been developed in Valencia (Spain) during January and February 2017. A portable Asensetek Standard ALP-01 spectrometer with a measurement wavelength range of 380 to 780¿nm, has been used. Conditions with higher PPFD received are found to be, apart from those of a sunny day, those for cloudy day (with a spectral maximum in the Green region of the spectrum), and those for individual trees and shrub shadows in a sunny day (with a spectral maximum in the Blue region). The case in which less amount of PPFD is received is that under the shadow of tipuana grove (with a spectral maximum in the Infrared region of the spectrum). In fact the order of magnitude in which the PPFD in a cloudy day exceeds the PPFD under the tipuana grove shade is up to 20.Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Blanca Giménez, V.; Fita Fernández, IC.; Fita, A.; Prohens Tomás, J.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A. (2018). Spectral comparison of diffuse PAR irradiance under different tree and shrub shading conditions and in cloudy days. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology. 189:274-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.10.023S27428218

Comparative Study of Different Crassulaceae Species for Their Potential Use as Plant Covers to Improve Thermal Performance of Green Roofs

[EN] The presence of green roofs in urban areas improves the energy efficiency of buildings; contributes to the capture of CO2, decreasing pollution; and improves the appearance of cities, increasing their sustainability. Additionally, green roofs must include plant species with low requirements and maintenance, and thus, succulent species could be useful in Mediterranean semi-arid regions. In this work, the thermal inertia and the effect of different succulent species as thermal barriers on mitigating the increase in temperature inside experimental compartments were studied in comparison to conventional covers used in the Spanish Mediterranean for a whole year. In general, green covers were more efficient than conventional ones for controlling temperature. Thus, temperatures under green covers were up to 8 °C lower than conventional covers and 3¿5 °C lower than the ambient temperature at noon on summer days. Furthermore, significant differences were found between green covers. Thus, despite having high thermal inertia, Aptenia cordifolia showed the worst temperature records, while Aeonium arboreum was the most efficient at mitigating temperature changes both on cold winter nights and hot summer days¿even better than Sedum spp., a usual succulent used commercially. Our results demonstrate that succulent species are efficient materials to use as green covers to improve thermal conditions in buildings in Mediterranean cities. This also suggests that the mixture of succulent species (i.e., not only made of Sedum spp.) with different colors and textures could beautify green roofs without compromising their energy efficiency.This research was developed in the facilities of the Universitat Politècnica de València and with the resources provided by Fondo de Sostenibilidad I+D+I UPV 88702681Gurrea-Ysasi, G.; Blanca Giménez, V.; Fernández De Córdova Martínez, PJ.; Cortés Olmos, C.; Rodríguez Burruezo, A.; Fita Fernández, IC. (2022). Comparative Study of Different Crassulaceae Species for Their Potential Use as Plant Covers to Improve Thermal Performance of Green Roofs. Horticulturae. 8(9):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae80908461198

Designación de los cables eléctricos en baja tensión

En este artículo vamos a exponer los sistemas de designación de cables eléctricos en baja tensión que están recogidos en las diferentes normas UNE.Blanca Giménez, V.; Castilla Cabanes, N.; Gurrea Ysasi, G.; Martínez Antón, A.; Tormo Clemente, MI. (2019). Designación de los cables eléctricos en baja tensión. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/122315DE